Related work

The foundational work on continual learning, 1980 to 2026: methods, theory, benchmarks, surveys, and the neuroscience of memory. Updated weekly; some carry our notes.

45 papers of 8,653Sort Recent · Most cited
  1. 2026
    Federated Class Incremental Learning Method With High Accuracy and Extremely Low Communication Cost Based on Broad Learning SystemJie Du, Wenbing Chen, Peng Liu … C L Philip ChenIEEE Transactions · Shenzhen University · University of Electronic Science and Technology of China · +2
  2. 2026
    Mitigating Catastrophic Forgetting With Adaptive Transformer Block Expansion in Federated Fine-TuningYujia Huo, Jianchun Liu, Hongli Xu … Liusheng HuangIEEE Transactions · University of Science and Technology of China · China University of Mining and Technology
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  3. 2026
    Incremental Micro-Expression Recognition: A BenchmarkZhengqin Lai, Xiaopeng Hong, Yabin Wang, Xiaobai LiIEEE Transactions · Harbin Institute of Technology · Zhejiang University
  4. 2026
    Hybrid Offline–Online Learning of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Forecasting Nonstationary Streaming Time SeriesX. Liu, Yingjun Zhang, Hui Wang … Baigen CaiIEEE Transactions · Lanzhou Jiaotong University · Beijing Jiaotong University · +1
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  5. 2023
    Adapter-RL: Adaptation of Any Agent Using Reinforcement LearningYizhao Jin, Greg Slabaugh, Simon LucasIEEE Transactions · Queen Mary University of London
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  6. 2026
    DeSTA2.5-Audio: Toward General-Purpose Large Audio Language Model With Self-Generated Cross-Modal AlignmentK C Lu, Zhehuai Chen, Szu‐Wei Fu … Hung-yi LeeIEEE Transactions · National Taiwan University · National Taipei University · +2
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  7. 2026
    Adaptive Affinity Memorization With Layer Mutation for Multimodal Deepfake Continual DetectionMan Xiao, Jianbin Ye, Bo Liu … Kele XuIEEE Transactions · National University of Defense Technology · Hunan Normal University · +1
  8. 2026
    LLKF: Lifelong Learning Kalman Filter with Noise Statistics Continual LearningAndi Lin, Wen‐An Zhang, Ling Shi, Chenlong LiIEEE Transactions · Zhejiang University of Technology · Hong Kong University of Science and Technology · +1
  9. 2025
    Hybrid Ensemble Framework for Imbalanced Data Streams With Concept DriftMianfen Lin, Zhiwen Yu, Kaixiang Yang, C. L. Philip ChenIEEE Transactions · South China University of Technology
  10. 2025
    Fed-OGD: Mitigating Straggler Effects in Federated Learning via Orthogonal Gradient DescentWei Li, Zicheng Shen, Xiulong Liu … Jiaxing ShenIEEE Transactions · Jiangnan University · Tianjin University · +1
  11. 2025
    SPARK: Simple and Parameter-Free Knowledge Embedding With Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Class Incremental LearningYu Wang, Jiabo Xie, Junyan Zheng … Qinghua HuIEEE Transactions · Tianjin University
  12. 2025
    A Unified Sparse Training Framework for Lightweight Lifelong Deep Reinforcement LearningMeng Xu, Xinhong Chen, Weiwei Fu … Jianping WangIEEE Transactions · City University of Hong Kong · Taiwan Forestry Research Institute
  13. 2025
    Loci: Federated Continual Learning of Heterogeneous Tasks at EdgeYaxin Luopan, Rui Han, Qinglong Zhang … Lydia Y. ChenIEEE Transactions · Beijing Institute of Technology · Delft University of Technology
  14. 2025
    Continual Test-Time Adaptation With Weighted Contrastive Learning and Pseudo-Label CorrectionShih‐Chieh Chuang, Ching-Hu LuIEEE Transactions · National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
  15. 2025
    An Empirical Study of Catastrophic Forgetting in Large Language Models During Continual Fine-TuningYun Luo, Zhen Yang, Fandong Meng … Yue ZhangIEEE Transactions · Westlake University · Tencent (China)
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  16. 2025
    MUFTI: Multi-Domain Distillation-Based Heterogeneous Federated Continuous LearningKeke Gai, Zijun Wang, Jing Yu, Liehuang ZhuIEEE Transactions · Beijing Institute of Technology · Minzu University of China
  17. 2025
    A Two-Stage LoRA Strategy for Expanding Language Capabilities in Multilingual ASR ModelsChin Yuen Kwok, Hexin Liu, Jia Qi Yip … Eng Siong ChngIEEE Transactions · Nanyang Technological University · Tokyo University of Science · +1
  18. 2025
    Fully Few-Shot Class-Incremental Audio Classification With Adaptive Improvement of Stability and PlasticityYongjie Si, Yanxiong Li, Jiaxin Tan … Mladen RussoIEEE Transactions · South China University of Technology · University of Split
  19. 2025
    Efficient and Robust Continual Graph Learning for Graph Classification in BiologyDing Zhang, Jane Downer, Can Chen, Ren WangIEEE Transactions · Northwestern University · Illinois Institute of Technology · +1
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  20. 2025
    An Orthogonality-Based Dual-Memory Framework for Continual Text ClassificationHan Zhang, Lei Yu, Bin Liang … Ruifeng XuIEEE Transactions · Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology · Harbin Institute of Technology · +1
  21. 2025
    CCKA: Continual Cross-Domain Knowledge Adaptation for Multi-Domain Machine TranslationZhibo Man, Yujie Zhang, Yuanmeng Chen … Jinan XuIEEE Transactions · Beijing Jiaotong University
  22. 2025
    Continual Learning of Regions for Efficient Robot Localization on Large MapsMatteo Scucchia, Davide MaltoniIEEE Transactions · University of Bologna
  23. 2025
    Exploring Stability-Plasticity Trade-Offs for Continual Named Entity RecognitionDuzhen Zhang, Chenxing Li, Jiahua Dong … Dong YuIEEE Transactions · Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence · Tencent (China) · +3
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  24. 2025
    Lifelong Learning for Entity LinkingYing Zhang, Xuhui Sui, Kehui Song … Xiaojie YuanIEEE Transactions · Nankai University
  25. 2025
    Boosting LLM’s Continual Sentiment Understanding for Low-Resource LanguagesHan Zhang, Jingjing Wang, Jiamin Luo … Guodong ZhouIEEE Transactions · Soochow University
  26. 2024
    TactCLNet: Tactile Continual Learning Network Based on Generative Replay for Object Hardness RecognitionYiwen Liu, Zhengkun Yi, Senlin Fang … Xinyu WuIEEE Transactions · Chinese Academy of Sciences · Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology · +3
  27. 2024
    SR-FDIL: Synergistic Replay for Federated Domain-Incremental LearningYichen Li, Wenchao Xu, Yining Qi … Song GuoIEEE Transactions · Huazhong University of Science and Technology · Hong Kong Polytechnic University · +1
  28. 2024
    Federated Class-Incremental Learning With Dynamic Feature Extractor FusionYanyan Lu, Lei Yang, Hao-Rui Chen … Saiqin LongIEEE Transactions · South China University of Technology · Jinan University
  29. 2024
    Mutual Knowledge Distillation-Based Personalized Federated Learning for Smart Edge ComputingSiwei Zheng, Jia Hu, Geyong Min, Ke LiIEEE Transactions · University of Exeter
  30. 2024
    Distributed Continual Learning With CoCoA in High-Dimensional Linear RegressionMartin Hellkvist, Ayça Özçelikkale, Anders ÅhlénIEEE Transactions · Uppsala University
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  31. 2023
    BioSLAM: A Bioinspired Lifelong Memory System for General Place RecognitionPeng Yin, Abulikemu Abuduweili, Shiqi Zhao … Sebastian SchererIEEE Transactions · City University of Hong Kong · Carnegie Mellon University
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  32. 2023
    Topology-Aware Graph Convolution Network for Few-Shot Incremental 3-D Object LearningBingtao Ma, Yang Cong, Jiahua DongIEEE Transactions · Shenyang Institute of Automation · Chinese Academy of Sciences · +1
  33. 2022
    Cross-FCL: Toward a Cross-Edge Federated Continual Learning Framework in Mobile Edge Computing SystemsZhouyangzi Zhang, Bin Guo, Wen Sun … Zhiwen YuIEEE Transactions · Northwestern Polytechnical University
  34. 2022
    ConCS: A Continual Classifier System for Continual Learning of Multiple Boolean ProblemsTrung B. Nguyen, Will N. Browne, Mengjie ZhangIEEE Transactions · Victoria University of Wellington · Queensland University of Technology
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  35. 2022
    Domain-Incremental Continual Learning for Mitigating Bias in Facial Expression and Action Unit RecognitionNikhil Churamani, Özgür Kara, Hatice GüneşIEEE Transactions · University of Cambridge · Boğaziçi University
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  36. 2021
    Hierarchical Lifelong Machine Learning With “Watchdog”Gan Sun, Yang Cong, Changjun Gu … Haibin YuIEEE Transactions · Shenyang Institute of Automation · Chinese Academy of Sciences · +2
  37. 2021
    MFS: A Brain-Inspired Memory Formation System for GANYifan Chang, Yifan Wang, Jian Peng … Wenbo LiIEEE Transactions · University of Science and Technology of China · Anhui University · +3
  38. 2020
    Incremental Learning Using a Grow-and-Prune Paradigm With Efficient Neural NetworksXiaoliang Dai, Hongxu Yin, Niraj K. JhaIEEE Transactions · Princeton University
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  39. 2020
    An Improved Dual-Channel Network to Eliminate Catastrophic ForgettingDongbo Liu, Zhenan He, Dongdong Chen, Jiancheng LvIEEE Transactions · Sichuan University · State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering · +1
  40. 2020
    Incremental Learning of Object Models From Natural Human–Robot InteractionsPablo Azagra, Javier Civera, Ana C. MurilloIEEE Transactions · Universidad de Zaragoza · Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón
  41. 2019
    Hierarchical Lifelong Learning by Sharing Representations and Integrating HypothesisTong Zhang, Guoxi Su, Chunmei Qing … Xiaofen XingIEEE Transactions · South China University of Technology
  42. 2019
    An Incremental Construction of Deep Neuro Fuzzy System for Continual Learning of Nonstationary Data StreamsMahardhika Pratama, Witold Pedrycz, Geoffrey I. WebbIEEE Transactions · Nanyang Technological University · University of Alberta · +1
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  43. 2018
    Guided Policy Search for Sequential Multitask LearningFangzhou Xiong, Biao Sun, Xu Yang … Zhiyong LiuIEEE Transactions · University of Chinese Academy of Sciences · University of Science and Technology Beijing · +4
  44. 2011
    Incremental Learning From Stream DataHaibo He, Sheng Chen, Kang Li, Xin XuIEEE Transactions · University of Rhode Island · Stevens Institute of Technology · +3
  45. 2001
    Learn++: an incremental learning algorithm for supervised neural networksRobi Polikar, L. Upda, S.S. Upda, Vasant HonavarIEEE Transactions · Rowan University · Iowa State University · +1
About this index

We keep this list because we read the field and wanted one place to see it. It covers work on continual learning itself, in the core areas of machine learning, and leaves out papers that apply it inside another field, such as medical imaging or fault diagnosis. By default it shows the papers we have a reason to trust: published at a venue like NeurIPS, ICML, ICLR, CVPR or TPAMI, or written by someone who has published there, or cited a few hundred times. The rest are one click away under “All papers”. It is seeded from the community lists kept by ContinualAI and by Xialei Liu, then filled out from OpenAlex, and every week a script looks for new papers on OpenAlex and arXiv. A model reads each candidate and decides whether it belongs; a person reviews the additions before they go live. Authors and affiliations come from OpenAlex, so a recent preprint can lack its institutions for a week or two.

Missing something, or filed under the wrong venue? Write to hello@unify.ai with the arXiv id or DOI.