Related work

The foundational work on continual learning, 1980 to 2026: methods, theory, benchmarks, surveys, and the neuroscience of memory. Updated weekly; some carry our notes.

34 papers of 8,653Sort Recent · Most cited
  1. 2025
    Humans and neural networks show similar patterns of transfer and interference during continual learningEleanor Holton, Lukas Braun, Jessica A. F. Thompson … Christopher SummerfieldNature Human Behaviour · Princeton University · University of Oxford · +1
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  2. 2025
    Optimal protocols for continual learning via statistical physics and control theoryFrancesco Mori, Stefano Sarao Mannelli, Francesca MignaccoICLR · University of Oxford · University of the Witwatersrand · +4
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  3. 2025
    Enhancing Online Continual Learning with Plug-and-Play State Space Model and Class-Conditional Mixture of DiscretizationSihao Liu, Yibo Yang, Xiaojie Li … Bernard GhanemCVPR · Harbin Institute of Technology · King Abdullah University of Science and Technology · +1
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  4. 2025
    AnchorInv: Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning of Physiological Signals via Feature Space-Guided InversionChenqi Li, Boyan Gao, Gabriel Davis Jones … Tingting ZhuAAAI · University of Oxford
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  5. 2022
    CL-Cross VQA: A Continual Learning Benchmark for Cross-Domain Visual Question AnsweringYao Zhang, Haokun Chen, Ahmed Frikha … Volker TrespWACV · LMU Klinikum · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München · +1
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  6. 2025
    Inductive Graph Few-shot Class Incremental LearningYayong Li, Peyman Moghadam, Can Peng … Piotr KoniuszWSDM · The University of Queensland · Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation · +2
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  7. 2025
    Revisiting Flatness-Aware Optimization in Continual Learning With Orthogonal Gradient ProjectionEnneng Yang, Li Shen, Zhenyi Wang … Dacheng TaoTPAMI · Northeastern University · Sun Yat-sen University · +3
  8. 2024
    SimCS: Simulation for Domain Incremental Online Continual SegmentationMotasem Alfarra, Zhipeng Cai, Adel Bibi … Matthias MüllerAAAI · Intel (United States) · King Abdullah University of Science and Technology · +1
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  9. 2022
    Exact learning dynamics of deep linear networks with prior knowledgeClémentine Dominé, Lukas Braun, James E. Fitzgerald, Andrew SaxeNeurIPS · Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit · University College London · +4
  10. 2023
    Rapid Adaptation in Online Continual Learning: Are We Evaluating It Right?Hasan Abed Al Kader Hammoud, Ameya Prabhu, Ser-Nam Lim … Bernard GhanemICCV · Kootenay Association for Science & Technology · King Abdullah University of Science and Technology · +1
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  11. 2023
    Continual Detection Transformer for Incremental Object DetectionYaoyao Liu, Bernt Schiele, Andrea Vedaldi, Christian RupprechtCVPR · Max Planck Institute for Informatics · University of Oxford
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  12. 2023
    Computationally Budgeted Continual Learning: What Does Matter?Ameya Prabhu, Hasan Abed Al Kader Hammoud, Puneet K. Dokania … Adel BibiCVPR · University of Oxford · King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
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  13. 2023
    Real-Time Evaluation in Online Continual Learning: A New HopeYasir Ghunaim, Adel Bibi, Kumail Alhamoud … Bernard GhanemCVPR · King Abdullah University of Science and Technology · University of Oxford
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  14. 2023
    On Sequential Bayesian Inference for Continual LearningSamuel Kessler, Adam D. Cobb, Tim G. J. Rudner … Stephen RobertsEntropy · University of Oxford · SRI International
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  15. 2023
    Continual task learning in natural and artificial agentsTimo Flesch, Andrew Saxe, Christopher SummerfieldTrends in Neurosciences · University of Oxford · Sainsbury Laboratory · +3
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  16. 2023
    Modelling continual learning in humans with Hebbian context gating and exponentially decaying task signalsTimo Flesch, Dávid Nagy, Andrew Saxe, Christopher SummerfieldPLOS · University of Oxford · HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics · +5
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  17. 2023
    Humans and Neural Networks Show Similar Patterns of Transfer and Interference in a Continual Learning TaskEleanor Holton, Lukas Braun, Jessica A. F. Thompson, Christopher SummerfieldConference on Cognitive Computational Neuroscience · University of Oxford
  18. 2022
    Same State, Different Task: Continual Reinforcement Learning without InterferenceSamuel Kessler, Jack Parker-Holder, Philip Ball … Stephen RobertsAAAI · University of Oxford
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  19. 2022
    Mimicking the Oracle: An Initial Phase Decorrelation Approach for Class Incremental LearningYujun Shi, Kuangqi Zhou, Jian Liang … Vincent Y. F. TanCVPR · National University of Singapore · Chinese Academy of Sciences · +1
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  20. 2021
    Continual Learning in the Teacher-Student Setup: Impact of Task SimilaritySebastian Lee, Sebastian Goldt, Andrew SaxeICML · Microsoft Research (United Kingdom) · Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati · +1
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  21. 2021
    Using Hindsight to Anchor Past Knowledge in Continual LearningArslan Chaudhry, Albert Gordo, Puneet K. Dokania … David López-PazAAAI · University of Oxford · Meta (Israel)
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  22. 2020
    Neural inhibition for continual learning and memoryHelen C. BarronCurrent Opinion in Neurobiology · John Radcliffe Hospital · University of Oxford · +3
  23. 2020
    Continual Learning in Low-rank Orthogonal SubspacesArslan Chaudhry, Naeemullah Khan, Puneet K. Dokania, Philip H. S. TorrNeurIPS · University of Oxford
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  24. 2020
    GDumb: A Simple Approach that Questions Our Progress in Continual LearningAmeya Prabhu, Philip H. S. Torr, Puneet K. DokaniaECCV · University of Oxford
  25. 2021
    Hierarchical Indian buffet neural networks for Bayesian continual learningSamuel Kessler, Vu Nguyen, Stefan Zohren, Stephen RobertsUAI · University of Oxford · Science Oxford
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  26. 2019
    Continual Unsupervised Representation LearningDushyant Rao, Francesco Visin, Andrei Rusu … Raia HadsellNeurIPS · Carnegie Mellon University · Google (United States) · +2
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  27. 2019
    Continual Learning with Tiny Episodic MemoriesArslan Chaudhry, Marcus Rohrbach, Mohamed Elhoseiny … Marc’Aurelio RanzatoarXiv · University of Oxford
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  28. 2019
    A Unifying Bayesian View of Continual LearningSebastian Farquhar, Yarin GalNeurIPS · University of Oxford
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  29. 2019
    Differentially Private Continual LearningSebastian Farquhar, Yarin GalarXiv · University of Oxford
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  30. 2018
    Comparing continual task learning in minds and machinesTimo Flesch, Jan Balaguer, Ronald Dekker … Christopher SummerfieldPNAS · University of Oxford · Google DeepMind (United Kingdom)
  31. 2018
    Towards Robust Evaluations of Continual LearningSebastian Farquhar, Yarin GalICML · University of Oxford
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  32. 2018
    Focused learning promotes continual task performance in humansTimo Flesch, Jan Balaguer, Ronald Dekker … Christopher SummerfieldbioRxiv · University of Oxford · Science Oxford
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  33. 2018
    Riemannian Walk for Incremental Learning: Understanding Forgetting and IntransigenceArslan Chaudhry, Puneet K. Dokania, Thalaiyasingam Ajanthan, Philip H. S. TorrECCV · University of Oxford
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  34. 2006
    Incremental learning of object detectors using a visual shape alphabetAndreas Opelt, Axel Pinz, Andrew ZissermanCVPR · Graz University of Technology · University of Oxford
About this index

We keep this list because we read the field and wanted one place to see it. It covers work on continual learning itself, in the core areas of machine learning, and leaves out papers that apply it inside another field, such as medical imaging or fault diagnosis. By default it shows the papers we have a reason to trust: published at a venue like NeurIPS, ICML, ICLR, CVPR or TPAMI, or written by someone who has published there, or cited a few hundred times. The rest are one click away under “All papers”. It is seeded from the community lists kept by ContinualAI and by Xialei Liu, then filled out from OpenAlex, and every week a script looks for new papers on OpenAlex and arXiv. A model reads each candidate and decides whether it belongs; a person reviews the additions before they go live. Authors and affiliations come from OpenAlex, so a recent preprint can lack its institutions for a week or two.

Missing something, or filed under the wrong venue? Write to hello@unify.ai with the arXiv id or DOI.