Related work

The foundational work on continual learning, 1980 to 2026: methods, theory, benchmarks, surveys, and the neuroscience of memory. Updated weekly; some carry our notes.

69 papers of 8,653 · showing 1–50Sort Recent · Most cited
  1. 2026
    Bi-Compatible Task-Agnostic Feature Augmentation for Expansion-Based Class-Incremental LearningBowen Zheng, Zijun Shen, Da-Wei Zhou … De‐Chuan ZhanInternational Journal of Computer Vision · Nanjing University
  2. 2026
    Amorphous LiNbO3 memristors for nonvolatile memory and neuromorphic computing with metaplasticity-enabled learningMengting Dong, Ruirui Hu, Yi-Xiang Wang … Xiaodong PiNeuromorphic Computing and Engineering · Zhejiang University of Science and Technology · Hangzhou Dianzi University · +1
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  3. 2026
    Decomposing the Neurons: Activation Sparsity via Mixture of Experts for Continual Test Time AdaptationRongyu Zhang, Aosong Cheng, Y. Luo … Yuan DuAAAI · Hong Kong Polytechnic University · Peking University · +3
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  4. 2025
    BOFA: Bridge-Layer Orthogonal Low-Rank Fusion for CLIP-Based Class-Incremental LearningLan Li, Tao Hu, Da-Wei Zhou … De-Chuan ZhanAAAI · Nanjing University
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  5. 2026
    Online Cross-Modal Hashing with Expanding Label SpaceWentao Fan, Chao Zhang, Chunlin Chen, Huaxiong LiAAAI · Nanjing University
  6. 2026
    A continual learning framework with long-term and multiple short-term memory networksShangge Liu, Lei Wang, Rui Yan … Yang GaoNeural Networks · Nanjing Tech University · University of Wollongong · +2
  7. 2024
    Why not transform chat large language models to non-English?Xiang Geng, Ming Zhu, Jiahuan Li … Shujian HuangFrontiers of Computer Science · Nanjing University · Huawei Technologies (China)
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  8. 2026
    Class semantics guided knowledge distillation for few-shot class incremental learningPing Li, Jiajun Chen, Shaoqi Tian, Ran WangInformation Sciences · Hangzhou Dianzi University · Nanjing University
  9. 2024
    Dual prototypes for adaptive pre-trained model in class-incremental learningZhiming Xu, Zhiming Xu, Suorong Yang … Jian ZhaoNeural Networks · Nanjing University · Nanjing University of Science and Technology
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  10. 2025
    Multiple Queries with Multiple Keys: A Precise Prompt Matching Paradigm for Prompt-based Continual LearningDunwei Tu, Huiyu Yi, Yuchi Wang … Furao ShenACM MM · Nanjing University
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  11. 2025
    LaST-LoRA: Adaptive Knowledge Reuse and Latent Subspace Tracking for Continual LearningShangge Liu, Lew Ka Xuan, Yuhang ZhuInternational Workshop on Continual Learning meets Multim… · Nanjing University · Nanjing Library
  12. 2025PDF ↗
  13. 2025
    External Knowledge Injection for CLIP-Based Class-Incremental LearningDawei Zhou, Kaiwen Li, Jingyi Ning … De‐Chuan ZhanICCV · Nanjing University
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  14. 2025
    Dynamic Multi-Layer Null Space Projection for Vision-Language Continual LearningBorui Kang, Lei Wang, Zhiping Wu … Weiwei LiICCV · Nanjing University · University of Wollongong · +2
  15. 2025PDF ↗
  16. 2025
    Visuo-Tactile Class-Incremental LearningHao Fu, Fengyu Yang, Boyang Wang … Hui QianACM Transactions · Zhejiang University · Yale University · +3
  17. 2025
    Task-Agnostic Guided Feature Expansion for Class-Incremental LearningBowen Zheng, Da-Wei Zhou, Han-Jia Ye, De‐Chuan ZhanCVPR · Nanjing University
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  18. 2025
    Enhancing Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning via Training-Free Bi-Level Modality CalibrationYiyang Chen, Tianyu Ding, Lei Wang … Wenbin LiCVPR · Nanjing University · Microsoft (United States) · +1
  19. 2025
    Supervised contrastive learning with prototype distillation for data incremental learningSuorong Yang, Tianyue Zhang, Zhiming Xu … Jian ZhaoNeural Networks · Nanjing University of Science and Technology · Nanjing University
  20. 2025
    Few-Shot Incremental Learning via Foreground Aggregation and Knowledge Transfer for Audio-Visual Semantic SegmentationJingqiao Xiu, Mengze Li, Zongxin Yang … Roger ZimmermannAAAI · National University of Singapore · Hong Kong University of Science and Technology · +4
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  21. 2025
    Deconfound Semantic Shift and Incompleteness in Incremental Few-shot Semantic SegmentationYirui Wu, Yuhang Xia, Hao Li … Shaohua WanAAAI · Hohai University · Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China · +3
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  22. 2023
    PILOT: a pre-trained model-based continual learning toolboxHailong Sun, Dawei Zhou, De‐Chuan Zhan, Han-Jia YeInformation Sciences · Nanjing University
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  23. 2023
    Learning Without Forgetting for Vision-Language ModelsDa-Wei Zhou, Yuanhan Zhang, Yan Wang … Ziwei LiuTPAMI · Nanjing University · Nanyang Technological University
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  24. 2025
    Preserving and combining knowledge in robotic lifelong reinforcement learningYuan Meng, Zhenshan Bing, Xiangtong Yao … Alois KnollNature Machine Intelligence · Technical University of Munich · Nanjing University · +2
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  25. 2025
    Gated Integration of Low-Rank Adaptation for Continual Learning of Large Language ModelsYan-Shuo Liang, Chen Jia-rui, Wu-Jun LiNeurIPS · Nanjing University
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  26. 2025
    Exploiting Task Relationships in Continual Learning via Transferability-Aware Task EmbeddingsYanru Wu, Jianning Wang, Xiangyu Chen … Yang LiNeurIPS · Tsinghua University · Harbin Institute of Technology · +3
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  27. 2024
    Continual Learning meets Multimodal Foundation Models: Fundamentals and AdvancesWenbin Li, Qi Fan, Rui Yan … Jiebo Luoon Continual Learning meets Multimodal Foundation Models:… · Nanjing University · Systems Engineering Society of China · +3
  28. 2024
    Incremental Image Generation with Diffusion Models by Label Embedding Initialization and FusionBing Li, Dongdong Ren, Hao Liu … Yang Gaoon Continual Learning meets Multimodal Foundation Models:… · Nanjing University · Tencent (China)
  29. 2023
    Revisiting Class-Incremental Learning with Pre-Trained Models: Generalizability and Adaptivity are All You NeedDa-Wei Zhou, Zi-Wen Cai, Han-Jia Ye … Ziwei LiuInternational Journal of Computer Vision · Nanjing University · Nanyang Technological University
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  30. 2024
    Class Incremental Learning via Semantic Information Mapping and Background Information CalibratingYan Xian, Hong Yu, Huaxiong Li, Guoyin WangIEEE TCSVT · Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications · Nanjing University
  31. 2024
    Continual Multi-View Clustering with Consistent Anchor GuidanceWei Hua, Chenlin Zhou, Jibin Wu … Yangyang ShuIJCAI · Nanjing University · University of Chinese Academy of Sciences · +3
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  32. 2024
    Continual Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning via Reward Model RehearsalSimone Caruso, Carmine Dodaro, Marco Maratea, Alice TarzariolIJCAI · University of Genoa · Nanjing University · +2
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  33. 2024
    Joint Input and Output Coordination for Class-Incremental LearningRuidong Fan, Xiao Ouyang, Tingjin Luo … Chenping HouIJCAI · National University of Defense Technology · Wuhan University · +3
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  34. 2023
    Class-Incremental Learning: A SurveyDa-Wei Zhou, Qiwei Wang, Zhihong Qi … Ziwei LiuTPAMI · Nanyang Technological University · Nanjing University
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  35. 2024
  36. 2023
    Multiagent Continual Coordination via Progressive Task ContextualizationLei Yuan, Lihe Li, Ziqian Zhang … Yang YuTNNLS · Nanjing University
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  37. 2024
    Continual Learning With Unknown Task BoundaryXiaoxie Zhu, Jinfeng Yi, Lijun ZhangTNNLS · Nanjing University
  38. 2024
    InfLoRA: Interference-Free Low-Rank Adaptation for Continual LearningYan-Shuo Liang, Wu-Jun LiCVPR · Nanjing University
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  39. 2024
    Expandable Subspace Ensemble for Pre-Trained Model-Based Class-Incremental LearningDa-Wei Zhou, Hailong Sun, Han-Jia Ye, De-Chuan ZhanCVPR · Nanjing University
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  40. 2024
    Towards Backward-Compatible Continual Learning of Image CompressionZhihao Duan, Ming Lu, Justin Yang … Fengqing ZhuCVPR · Purdue University West Lafayette · Nanjing University
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  41. 2024
    Dynamic Replay Training for Class-Incremental LearningYan Yang, Dongdong Ren, Chenglei Peng … Yang GaoICASSP · Nanjing University · Nanjing University of Science and Technology
  42. 2022
    Learnware: small models do bigZhihua Zhou, Zhi-Hao TanInformation Sciences · Nanjing University
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  43. 2023
    Task-specific parameter decoupling for class incremental learningRunhang Chen, Xiao‐Yuan Jing, Fei Wu … Yaru HaoInformation Sciences · Wuhan University · Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology · +2
  44. 2022
    Online Attentive Kernel-Based Temporal Difference LearningXingguo Chen, Guang Yang, Shangdong Yang … Yang GaoKnowledge-Based Systems · Beijing Technology and Business University · Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications · +3
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  45. 2023
    Preserving Locality in Vision Transformers for Class Incremental LearningBowen Zheng, Da-Wei Zhou, Han-Jia Ye, De‐Chuan ZhanIEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME) · Nanjing University
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  46. 2022
    Efficient Bayesian Policy Reuse With a Scalable Observation Model in Deep Reinforcement LearningJinmei Liu, Zhi Wang, Chunlin Chen, Daoyi DongTNNLS · Nanjing University · University of Canberra · +1
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  47. 2023
    Adaptive Plasticity Improvement for Continual LearningYan-Shuo Liang, Wu-Jun LiCVPR · Nanjing University
  48. 2021
    PyCIL: a Python toolbox for class-incremental learningDa-Wei Zhou, Fuyun Wang, Han-Jia Ye, De‐Chuan ZhanInformation Sciences · Nanjing University
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  49. 2023
    NeCa: Network Calibration for Class Incremental LearningZhenyao Zhang, Lijun ZhangSpringer LNCS · Nanjing University
  50. 2022
    Incremental Few-Shot Semantic Segmentation via Embedding Adaptive-Update and Hyper-class RepresentationGuangchen Shi, Yirui Wu, Jun Liu … Tong LüACM International Conference on Multimedia · Hohai University · Singapore University of Technology and Design · +3
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About this index

We keep this list because we read the field and wanted one place to see it. It covers work on continual learning itself, in the core areas of machine learning, and leaves out papers that apply it inside another field, such as medical imaging or fault diagnosis. It is seeded from the community lists kept by ContinualAI and by Xialei Liu, then filled out from OpenAlex, and every week a script looks for new papers on OpenAlex and arXiv. A model reads each candidate and decides whether it belongs; a person reviews the additions before they go live. Authors and affiliations come from OpenAlex, so a recent preprint can lack its institutions for a week or two.

Missing something, or filed under the wrong venue? Write to hello@unify.ai with the arXiv id or DOI.