Related work

The foundational work on continual learning, 1988 to 2026: methods, theory, benchmarks, surveys, and the neuroscience of memory. Updated weekly; some carry our notes.

60 papers of 6,984 · showing 1–50Sort Recent · Most cited
  1. 2026
    Federated Class Incremental Learning Method With High Accuracy and Extremely Low Communication Cost Based on Broad Learning SystemJie Du, Wenbing Chen, Peng Liu … C L Philip ChenIEEE Transactions · Shenzhen University · University of Electronic Science and Technology of China · +2
  2. 2026
    Mitigating Catastrophic Forgetting With Adaptive Transformer Block Expansion in Federated Fine-TuningYujia Huo, Jianchun Liu, Hongli Xu … Liusheng HuangIEEE Transactions · University of Science and Technology of China · China University of Mining and Technology
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  3. 2026
    MccTTA: A Memory-Efficient Collaborative Continual Test-Time Adaptation Framework for Edge DevicesHaojie Bai, Aiguo Chen, Yijia Rong … Schahram DustdarIEEE Transactions · University of Electronic Science and Technology of China · TU Wien
  4. 2026
    Incremental Micro-Expression Recognition: A BenchmarkZhengqin Lai, Xiaopeng Hong, Yabin Wang, Xiaobai LiIEEE Transactions · Harbin Institute of Technology · Zhejiang University
  5. 2026
    Hybrid Offline–Online Learning of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Forecasting Nonstationary Streaming Time SeriesX. Liu, Yingjun Zhang, Hui Wang … Baigen CaiIEEE Transactions · Lanzhou Jiaotong University · Beijing Jiaotong University · +1
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  6. 2023
    Adapter-RL: Adaptation of Any Agent Using Reinforcement LearningYizhao Jin, Greg Slabaugh, Simon LucasIEEE Transactions · Queen Mary University of London
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  7. 2026
    DeSTA2.5-Audio: Toward General-Purpose Large Audio Language Model With Self-Generated Cross-Modal AlignmentK C Lu, Zhehuai Chen, Szu‐Wei Fu … Hung-yi LeeIEEE Transactions · National Taiwan University · National Taipei University · +2
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  8. 2026
    A Review of Continual Learning in Edge AIBeining Wu, Zihao Ding, Jun HuangIEEE Transactions · South Dakota State University
  9. 2023
    SketchOGD: Memory-Efficient Continual LearningYoungjae Min, Benjamin Wright, J. M. Bernstein, Navid AzizanIEEE Transactions · Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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  10. 2026
    A Device-Cloud Collaborative Data Enrichment Framework for Continual Learning on DevicesChen Gong, Zhenzhe Zheng, F. Y. Wu, Guihai ChenIEEE Transactions · Shanghai Jiao Tong University
  11. 2026
    Adaptive Affinity Memorization With Layer Mutation for Multimodal Deepfake Continual DetectionMan Xiao, Jianbin Ye, Bo Liu … Kele XuIEEE Transactions · National University of Defense Technology · Hunan Normal University · +1
  12. 2026
    CLDIPS-CIL: Causal Learning and Dynamic Importance Parameter Selection for Class Incremental LearningJing Yang, Qinglang Li, Xiaoli Ruan … Quan ZhouIEEE Transactions · Guizhou University · Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
  13. 2026
    Decision Boundary Drift: A Security, Privacy, and Trust Risk of Continual Learning for Agentic AI in Edge NetworksKaixiang Yang, Yue Xu, Zhihao Li … C.L. Philip ChenIEEE Transactions · Lanzhou University of Technology · South China University of Technology · +2
  14. 2026
    LLKF: Lifelong Learning Kalman Filter with Noise Statistics Continual LearningAndi Lin, Wen‐An Zhang, Ling Shi, Chenlong LiIEEE Transactions · Zhejiang University of Technology · Hong Kong University of Science and Technology · +1
  15. 2026
    Meta-Adaptive Continual Learning for Dynamic Social Communication GraphsMonika Varshney, Tanima DuttaIEEE Transactions · Indian Institute of Technology BHU · Banaras Hindu University
  16. 2025
    Theoretical Analysis of Mixture-of-Experts in Mobile Edge ComputingHongbo Li, Lingjie DuanIEEE Transactions · Singapore University of Technology and Design · Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
  17. 2025
    Hybrid Ensemble Framework for Imbalanced Data Streams With Concept DriftMianfen Lin, Zhiwen Yu, Kaixiang Yang, C. L. Philip ChenIEEE Transactions · South China University of Technology
  18. 2025
    Sparse-FCL: Sparse Federated Continual Learning for Evolving Mobile Edge Computing EnvironmentsYan Liu, Feiyang Liu, Bin Guo … Zhiwen YuIEEE Transactions · Northwestern Polytechnical University · Harbin Engineering University
  19. 2025
    Overcoming Catastrophic Forgetting in Federated Continual Graph Learning for Resource-Limited Mobile DevicesJiyuan Feng, Xu Yang, Dongyi Zheng … Qing LiaoIEEE Transactions · Harbin Institute of Technology · Peng Cheng Laboratory
  20. 2025
    SPARK: Simple and Parameter-Free Knowledge Embedding With Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Class Incremental LearningYu Wang, Jiabo Xie, Junyan Zheng … Qinghua HuIEEE Transactions · Tianjin University
  21. 2025
    SAFA: Handling Sparse and Scarce Data in Federated Learning With Accumulative LearningNguyen Nang Hung, Truong Thao Nguyen, Trong Nghia Hoang … Phi Le NguyenIEEE Transactions · Tokyo University of Science · Iketani Science and Technology Foundation · +5
  22. 2025
    A Unified Sparse Training Framework for Lightweight Lifelong Deep Reinforcement LearningMeng Xu, Xinhong Chen, Weiwei Fu … Jianping WangIEEE Transactions · City University of Hong Kong · Taiwan Forestry Research Institute
  23. 2025
    Loci: Federated Continual Learning of Heterogeneous Tasks at EdgeYaxin Luopan, Rui Han, Qinglong Zhang … Lydia Y. ChenIEEE Transactions · Beijing Institute of Technology · Delft University of Technology
  24. 2025
    Continual Test-Time Adaptation With Weighted Contrastive Learning and Pseudo-Label CorrectionShih‐Chieh Chuang, Ching-Hu LuIEEE Transactions · National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
  25. 2025
    An Empirical Study of Catastrophic Forgetting in Large Language Models During Continual Fine-TuningYun Luo, Zhen Yang, Fandong Meng … Yue ZhangIEEE Transactions · Westlake University · Tencent (China)
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  26. 2025
    MUFTI: Multi-Domain Distillation-Based Heterogeneous Federated Continuous LearningKeke Gai, Zijun Wang, Jing Yu, Liehuang ZhuIEEE Transactions · Beijing Institute of Technology · Minzu University of China
  27. 2025
    A Two-Stage LoRA Strategy for Expanding Language Capabilities in Multilingual ASR ModelsChin Yuen Kwok, Hexin Liu, Jia Qi Yip … Eng Siong ChngIEEE Transactions · Nanyang Technological University · Tokyo University of Science · +1
  28. 2025
    Fully Few-Shot Class-Incremental Audio Classification With Adaptive Improvement of Stability and PlasticityYongjie Si, Yanxiong Li, Jiaxin Tan … Mladen RussoIEEE Transactions · South China University of Technology · University of Split
  29. 2025
    Efficient and Robust Continual Graph Learning for Graph Classification in BiologyDing Zhang, Jane Downer, Can Chen, Ren WangIEEE Transactions · Northwestern University · Illinois Institute of Technology · +1
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  30. 2025
    An Orthogonality-Based Dual-Memory Framework for Continual Text ClassificationHan Zhang, Lei Yu, Bin Liang … Ruifeng XuIEEE Transactions · Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology · Harbin Institute of Technology · +1
  31. 2025
    CCKA: Continual Cross-Domain Knowledge Adaptation for Multi-Domain Machine TranslationZhibo Man, Yujie Zhang, Yuanmeng Chen … Jinan XuIEEE Transactions · Beijing Jiaotong University
  32. 2025
    Continual Learning of Regions for Efficient Robot Localization on Large MapsMatteo Scucchia, Davide MaltoniIEEE Transactions · University of Bologna
  33. 2025
    Exploring Stability-Plasticity Trade-Offs for Continual Named Entity RecognitionDuzhen Zhang, Chenxing Li, Jiahua Dong … Dong YuIEEE Transactions · Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence · Tencent (China) · +3
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  34. 2025
    Lifelong Learning for Entity LinkingYing Zhang, Xuhui Sui, Kehui Song … Xiaojie YuanIEEE Transactions · Nankai University
  35. 2025
    Boosting LLM’s Continual Sentiment Understanding for Low-Resource LanguagesHan Zhang, Jingjing Wang, Jiamin Luo … Guodong ZhouIEEE Transactions · Soochow University
  36. 2025
    Semantic-Retention Attack for Continual Named Entity RecognitionYahan Yu, Zhengdong Yang, Fei Cheng, Chenhui ChuIEEE Transactions · Kyoto University
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  37. 2025
    PENCIL: Prototype-ENhanced ComposItional Learning for Class-Incremental Hand Gesture RecognitionZheng Li, Xueyi Zhang, Yanming Guo … Mingrui LaoIEEE Transactions
  38. 2024
    TactCLNet: Tactile Continual Learning Network Based on Generative Replay for Object Hardness RecognitionYiwen Liu, Zhengkun Yi, Senlin Fang … Xinyu WuIEEE Transactions · Chinese Academy of Sciences · Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology · +3
  39. 2024
    SR-FDIL: Synergistic Replay for Federated Domain-Incremental LearningYichen Li, Wenchao Xu, Yining Qi … Song GuoIEEE Transactions · Huazhong University of Science and Technology · Hong Kong Polytechnic University · +1
  40. 2024
    Federated Class-Incremental Learning With Dynamic Feature Extractor FusionYanyan Lu, Lei Yang, Hao-Rui Chen … Saiqin LongIEEE Transactions · South China University of Technology · Jinan University
  41. 2024
    Mutual Knowledge Distillation-Based Personalized Federated Learning for Smart Edge ComputingSiwei Zheng, Jia Hu, Geyong Min, Ke LiIEEE Transactions · University of Exeter
  42. 2024PDF ↗
  43. 2024
    Distributed Continual Learning With CoCoA in High-Dimensional Linear RegressionMartin Hellkvist, Ayça Özçelikkale, Anders ÅhlénIEEE Transactions · Uppsala University
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  44. 2023
    Continual Learning for Robotic Grasping Detection With Knowledge TransferringJin Liu, Jialong Xie, Saike Huang … Fengyu ZhouIEEE Transactions · Shandong University
  45. 2023
    BioSLAM: A Bioinspired Lifelong Memory System for General Place RecognitionPeng Yin, Abulikemu Abuduweili, Shiqi Zhao … Sebastian SchererIEEE Transactions · City University of Hong Kong · Carnegie Mellon University
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  46. 2023
    Topology-Aware Graph Convolution Network for Few-Shot Incremental 3-D Object LearningBingtao Ma, Yang Cong, Jiahua DongIEEE Transactions · Shenyang Institute of Automation · Chinese Academy of Sciences · +1
  47. 2023
  48. 2022
    ConCS: A Continual Classifier System for Continual Learning of Multiple Boolean ProblemsTrung B. Nguyen, Will N. Browne, Mengjie ZhangIEEE Transactions · Victoria University of Wellington · Queensland University of Technology
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  49. 2022
    Domain-Incremental Continual Learning for Mitigating Bias in Facial Expression and Action Unit RecognitionNikhil Churamani, Özgür Kara, Hatice GüneşIEEE Transactions · University of Cambridge · Boğaziçi University
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  50. 2021
    Hierarchical Lifelong Machine Learning With “Watchdog”Gan Sun, Yang Cong, Changjun Gu … Haibin YuIEEE Transactions · Shenyang Institute of Automation · Chinese Academy of Sciences · +2
About this index

We keep this list because we read the field and wanted one place to see it. It covers work on continual learning itself, in the core areas of machine learning, and leaves out papers that apply it inside another field, such as medical imaging or fault diagnosis. It lists only papers we have a reason to trust: published at a venue like NeurIPS, ICML, ICLR, CVPR or TPAMI, or led by someone who has published there, or cited a few hundred times. Preprints that later get accepted, and authors who later publish at those venues, are picked up by the weekly run. It is seeded from the community lists kept by ContinualAI and by Xialei Liu, then filled out from OpenAlex, and every week a script looks for new papers on OpenAlex and arXiv. A model reads each candidate and decides whether it belongs; a person reviews the additions before they go live. Authors and affiliations come from OpenAlex, so a recent preprint can lack its institutions for a week or two.

Missing something, or filed under the wrong venue? Write to hello@unify.ai with the arXiv id or DOI.