Related work

The foundational work on continual learning, 1959 to 2026: methods, theory, benchmarks, surveys, and the neuroscience of memory. Updated weekly; some carry our notes.

95 papers of 11,817 · showing 1–50Sort Recent · Most cited
  1. 2026
    NeuMoSync: End‑to‑End Neuromodulatory Control for Plasticity and Adaptability in Continual LearningSeyed Roozbeh Razavi Rohani, Khashayar Khajavi, Wesley Chung … Chen MoTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  2. 2026
    Continual Test-Time Adaptation in Computer Vision: Methods, Benchmarks, and Future DirectionsSarthak Kumar Maharana, Shambhavi Mishra, Yunbei Zhang … Yunhui GuoTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  3. 2026
    Domain Generalizable Adaptation of 3D Vision-Language Models via Regularized Fine-TuningS. Paul, Zachary Patterson, Nizar BouguilaTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  4. 2026
    Amnesia: A Stealthy Replay Attack on Continual Learning DreamsAhmed Sharshar, K. N. Kumar, Mohsen GuizaniTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  5. 2026
    Theoretical Foundations of Continual Learning via Drift-Plus-PenaltyNazreen Shah, G. Arya, B. Bharath, Ranjitha PrasadTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  6. 2026
    CI-CBM: Class-Incremental Concept Bottleneck Model for Interpretable Continual LearningAmirhosein Javadi, Tuomas P. Oikarinen, Tara Javidi, T. WengTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  7. 2026
    ARROW: Augmented Replay for RObust World modelsA. Alyahya, Abdallah Al Siyabi, M. Ernst … Gideon KowadloTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  8. 2026
    \textsc{PGO-BEN}: Proxy-Guided Orthogonalization and Beta Ensembling for Few-Shot Domain-Incremental LearningSamrat Mukherjee, T. Venkateswaran, E. Coleman … Biplab BanerjeeTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
  9. 2026
  10. 2026
    Hierarchical Filtering and Refinement Classification for Few-Shot Class-Incremental LearningLi-Jun Zhao, Zhen-Duo Chen, Xin Luo, Xin-Shun XuTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
  11. 2026
    PSAG: Projection-based Stabilized Attribution Guidance for Online Continual LearningHan Yu, Kun Hu, Zhuqiang Lu … Fengxiang HeTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
  12. 2026
    Transitioning Heads Conundrum: The Hidden Bottleneck in Long-Tailed Class-Incremental LearningR. Vigneswaran, Hari Chandana Kuchibhotla, Vineeth N. BalasubramanianTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
  13. 2025
    Forget Less, Retain More: A Lightweight Regularizer for Rehearsal-Based Continual LearningLama Alssum, Hasan Abed Al Kader Hammoud, M. Alfarra … Bernard GhanemTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  14. 2025
    Task-Agnostic Federated Continual Learning via Replay-Free Gradient ProjectionSeohyeon Cha, Huancheng Chen, Haris VikaloTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  15. 2025
    Continually Adding New Languages to Multilingual Language ModelsAbraham Toluwase Owodunni, Sachin KumarTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  16. 2025
    Holistic Continual Learning under Concept Drift with Adaptive Memory RealignmentAlif Ashrafee, Jedrzej Kozal, Micha l Woźniak, B. KrawczykTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  17. 2025
    Dynamic Mixture of Progressive Parameter-Efficient Expert Library for Lifelong Robot LearningYu-Heng Lei, Sitong Mao, Shun-Bo Zhou … Ping LuoTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  18. 2025
    LoLA: Low-Rank Linear Attention With Sparse CachingLuke McDermott, Robert W. Heath, Rahul ParhiTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  19. 2026
    Adaptive Budget Allocation for Orthogonal Subspace Adapter Tuning in LLMs Continual LearningZhiyi Wan, Wanrou Du, Yijia Chi … Xiaoqi QinTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  20. 2025
    Continual Learning on CLIP via Incremental Prompt Tuning with Intrinsic Textual AnchorsHaodong Lu, Xinyu Zhang, Kristen Moore … Dong GongTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  21. 2025
    Bayesian Ensembling: Insights from Online Optimization and Empirical BayesDaniel Waxman, Fernando Llorente, Petar M. Djuri'cTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  22. 2025
    UltraEdit: Training-, Subject-, and Memory-Free Lifelong Editing in Language ModelsXiaojie Gu, Ziying Huang, Jia-Chen Gu, Kai ZhangTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  23. 2025
    Parameter Efficient Continual Learning with Dynamic Low-Rank AdaptationP. Bhat, Shakib Yazdani, Elahe Arani, Bahram ZonoozTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  24. 2025
    Perturbed Gradient Descent via Convex Quadratic Approximation for Nonconvex Bilevel OptimizationNazanin Abolfazli, Sina Sharifi, Mahyar Fazlyab, E. Y. HamedaniTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  25. 2025
    Single-loop Algorithms for Stochastic Non-convex Optimization with Weakly-Convex ConstraintsMinghao Yang, Gang Li, Quanqi Hu … Tianbao YangTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  26. 2025
    Proxy-Anchor and EVT-Driven Continual Learning Method for Generalized Category DiscoveryAlireza Fathalizadeh, R. Razavi-FarTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  27. 2025
    Memory-Modular Classification: Learning to Generalize with Memory ReplacementDahyun Kang, Ahmet Iscen, Eunchan Jo … Cordelia SchmidTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  28. 2025PDF ↗
  29. 2025
    Distributed Multi-Agent Lifelong LearningPrithviraj Tarale, Edward A. Rietman, H. SiegelmannTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
  30. 2025
    From Offline to Online Memory-Free and Task-Free Continual Learning via Fine-Grained HypergradientsNicolas Michel, Maorong Wang, Jiangpeng He, T. YamasakiTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  31. 2025
    Unlocking [CLS] Features for Continual Post-TrainingMurat Onur Yildirim, Elif Ceren Gok Yildirim, Joaquin VanschorenTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  32. 2025
    Efficient Few-Shot Continual Learning in Vision-Language ModelsA. Panos, Rahaf Aljundi, Daniel Olmeda Reino, Richard TurnerTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  33. 2025
  34. 2025
    Class Incremental Learning from First Principles: A ReviewNeil Ashtekar, Jingxi Zhu, Vasant HonavarTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
  35. 2025
    Before Forgetting, There's Learning: Representation Learning Challenges in Online Unsupervised Continual LearningCameron Ethan Taylor, S. M. Patil, Constantinos DovrolisTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
  36. 2025
  37. 2025
    Exploring the potential of Direct Feedback Alignment for Continual LearningSara Folchini, V. Arora, Sebastian GoldtTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
  38. 2025
    Uncertainty-Based Experience Replay for Task-Agnostic Continual Reinforcement LearningAdrian Remonda, Cole Terrell, Eduardo Veas, Marc MasanaTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
  39. 2025
    Hard-Negative Prototype-Based Regularization for Few-Shot Class-Incremental LearningSeongbeom Park, Hyunju Yun, Daewon Chae … Jinkyu KimTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
  40. 2025
    Rethinking Memory in Continual Learning: Beyond a Monolithic Store of the PastYaqian Zhang, Bernhard Pfahringer, Eibe Frank, Albert BifetTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
  41. 2024PDF ↗
  42. 2024
    Modality-Inconsistent Continual Learning of Multimodal Large Language ModelsWeiguo Pian, Shijian Deng, Shentong Mo … Yapeng TianTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  43. 2024
    A unifying framework for generalised Bayesian online learning in non-stationary environmentsGerardo Duran-Martin, Leandro Sánchez-Betancourt, Alexander Y. Shestopaloff, Kevin MurphyTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  44. 2024
    Continual Memorization of Factoids in Language ModelsHoward Chen, Jia-Yi Geng, Adithya Bhaskar … Danqi ChenTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  45. 2024
    ODEStream: A Buffer-Free Online Learning Framework with ODE-based Adaptor for Streaming Time Series ForecastingFutoon M. Abushaqra, Hao Xue, Yongli Ren, F. SalimTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  46. 2026
    Privacy Leakage via Output Label Space and Differentially Private Continual LearningMarlon Tobaben, Talal Alrawajfeh, Marcus Klasson … Antti HonkelaTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  47. 2024
    Towards LifeSpan Cognitive SystemsYu Wang, Chi Han, Tongtong Wu … Julian McAuleyTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  48. 2024
    Buffer-based Gradient Projection for Continual Federated LearningShenghong Dai, Yicong Chen, Jy-yong Sohn … Kangwook LeeTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  49. 2024
    Theoretical Insights into Overparameterized Models in Multi-Task and Replay-Based Continual LearningMohammadamin Banayeeanzade, Mahdi Soltanolkotabi, Mohammad RostamiTrans. Mach. Learn. Res.
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  50. 2024PDF ↗
About this index

We keep this list because we read the field and wanted one place to see it. It covers work on continual learning itself, in the core areas of machine learning, and leaves out papers that apply it inside another field, such as medical imaging or fault diagnosis. It is seeded from the community lists kept by ContinualAI and by Xialei Liu, then filled out from OpenAlex, and every week a script looks for new papers on OpenAlex and arXiv. A model reads each candidate and decides whether it belongs; a person reviews the additions before they go live. Authors and affiliations come from OpenAlex, so a recent preprint can lack its institutions for a week or two.

Missing something, or filed under the wrong venue? Write to hello@unify.ai with the arXiv id or DOI.