Related work

The foundational work on continual learning, 1959 to 2026: methods, theory, benchmarks, surveys, and the neuroscience of memory. Updated weekly; some carry our notes.

29 papers of 11,817Sort Recent · Most cited
  1. 2026
    CD-IMM: A Bayesian non-parametric classifier for continual learningDaniele Castellana, Antonio CartaNeurocomputing
  2. 2026
    Continual Evolution Strategies in Control TasksNicola Pitzalis, Eleni Nisioti, Antonio Carta … Andrea CossuGECCO Companion
    PDF ↗
  3. 2026
    Adapting language models with continual learning for temporal driftsAntonio Carta, A. Marinelli, Lucia C. PassaroEvolutionary Systematics
  4. 2026
    Modular Memory is the Key to Continual Learning AgentsVaggelis Dorovatas, M. Schwerin, Andrew D. Bagdanov … Rahaf AljundiarXiv
    PDF ↗
  5. 2026
    Online Continual Learning for Time Series: a Natural Score-driven ApproachEdoardo Urettini, Daniele Atzeni, Ioanna-Yvonni Tsaknaki, Antonio CartaarXiv
    PDF ↗
  6. 2025
    Continual Learning Should Move Beyond Incremental ClassificationRupert Mitchell, A. Alliegro, Raffaello Camoriano … Martin MundtarXiv
    PDF ↗
  7. 2025
    Replay-free Online Continual Learning with Self-Supervised MultiPatchesGiacomo Cignoni, Andrea Cossu, Alex Gomez-Villa … Antonio CartaThe European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks
    PDF ↗
  8. 2025PDF ↗
  9. 2024
    Updating knowledge in Large Language Models: an Empirical EvaluationA. Marinelli, Antonio Carta, Lucia C. PassaroIEEE Conference on Evolving and Adaptive Intelligent Systems
  10. 2023
    A Comprehensive Empirical Evaluation on Online Continual LearningAlbin Soutif-Cormerais, Antonio Carta, Andrea Cossu … Hamed HematiICCV
    PDF ↗
  11. 2023
    Improving Online Continual Learning Performance and Stability with Temporal EnsemblesAlbin Soutif-Cormerais, Antonio Carta, Joost van de WeijerCoLLAs
    PDF ↗
  12. 2023
    Projected Latent Distillation for Data-Agnostic Consolidation in Distributed Continual LearningAntonio Carta, Andrea Cossu, Vincenzo Lomonaco … Joost van de WeijerNeurocomputing
    PDF ↗
  13. 2023
    Avalanche: A PyTorch Library for Deep Continual LearningAntonio Carta, Lorenzo Pellegrini, Andrea Cossu … V. LomonacoJMLR
    PDF ↗
  14. 2023
    Class-Incremental Learning with RepetitionHamed Hemati, Andrea Cossu, Antonio Carta … Damian BorthCoLLAs
    PDF ↗
  15. 2023
    CD-IMM: The Benefits of Domain-based Mixture Models in Bayesian Continual LearningDaniele Castellana, Antonio Carta, D. BacciuCLAI Unconf
  16. 2022PDF ↗
  17. 2022
    Sample Condensation in Online Continual LearningMattia Sangermano, Antonio Carta, Andrea Cossu, Davide BacciuIJCNN · University of Pisa · Scuola Normale Superiore
    PDF ↗
  18. 2021
    Ex-Model: Continual Learning from a Stream of Trained ModelsAntonio Carta, Andrea Cossu, Vincenzo Lomonaco, Davide BacciuCVPR · University of Pisa · Scuola Normale Superiore
    PDF ↗
  19. 2022
    Continual Pre-Training Mitigates Forgetting in Language and VisionAndrea Cossu, Tinne Tuytelaars, Antonio Carta … Davide BacciuNeural Networks
    PDF ↗
  20. 2021
    Is Class-Incremental Enough for Continual Learning?Andrea Cossu, Gabriele Graffieti, Lorenzo Pellegrini … Vincenzo LomonacoFrontiers · University of Pisa · Scuola Normale Superiore · +1
    PDF ↗
  21. 2022
    Catastrophic Forgetting in Deep Graph Networks: A Graph Classification BenchmarkAntonio Carta, Andrea Cossu, Federico Errica, Davide BacciuFrontiers · University of Pisa · Scuola Normale Superiore
  22. 2021
    Distilled Replay: Overcoming Forgetting through Synthetic SamplesAndrea Rosasco, Antonio Carta, Andrea Cossu … Davide BacciuSpringer LNCS · University of Pisa · Scuola Normale Superiore
    PDF ↗
  23. 2022
    Practical Recommendations for Replay-based Continual Learning MethodsGabriele Merlin, Vincenzo Lomonaco, Andrea Cossu … Davide BacciuSpringer LNCS · University of Pisa · Scuola Normale Superiore
    PDF ↗
  24. 2022
    Avalanche RL: a Continual Reinforcement Learning LibraryNicoló Lucchesi, Antonio Carta, Vincenzo Lomonaco, Davide BacciuSpringer LNCS · University of Pisa
    PDF ↗
  25. 2021
    Continual Learning for Recurrent Neural Networks: an Empirical EvaluationAndrea Cossu, Antonio Carta, Vincenzo Lomonaco, Davide BacciuNeural Networks · University of Pisa · Scuola Normale Superiore · +1
    PDF ↗
  26. 2021
    Avalanche: an End-to-End Library for Continual LearningVincenzo Lomonaco, Lorenzo Pellegrini, Andrea Cossu … Davide MaltoniCVPR · University of Pisa · University of Bologna · +12
    PDF ↗
  27. 2021PDF ↗
  28. 2021
    Continual Learning with Echo State NetworksAndrea Cossu, Davide Bacciu, Antonio Carta … Vincenzo LomonacoESANN 2021 proceedings · University of Pisa · Scuola Normale Superiore · +1
    PDF ↗
  29. 2020
    Continual Learning with Gated Incremental Memories for sequential data processingAndrea Cossu, Antonio Carta, Davide BacciuIEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Network · University of Pisa
    PDF ↗
About this index

We keep this list because we read the field and wanted one place to see it. It covers work on continual learning itself, in the core areas of machine learning, and leaves out papers that apply it inside another field, such as medical imaging or fault diagnosis. It is seeded from the community lists kept by ContinualAI and by Xialei Liu, then filled out from OpenAlex, and every week a script looks for new papers on OpenAlex and arXiv. A model reads each candidate and decides whether it belongs; a person reviews the additions before they go live. Authors and affiliations come from OpenAlex, so a recent preprint can lack its institutions for a week or two.

Missing something, or filed under the wrong venue? Write to hello@unify.ai with the arXiv id or DOI.